Personal Experience Home Made Fertilizer and Inorganic...

Introduction: My family and I do a lot of traveling and while traveling we pass through rural communities where the people have to grow their own food as they do not have enough income to buy their own food. Some of these people, however, still use fertilizer in order to increase the rate of production and total yield produced. Those people who use a form of fertilizer to feed their plants, they generally use cattle manure or home-made fertilizer. At home we used to use inorganic fertilizers on our plants as they are easier to use and easily available at any garden shop, however, we have started to use the new Bokashi medium as fertilizer as it is better for the environment and it also reduces food waste. Food waste is reduced as the leftover food is used to create a liquid which can be used as a fertilizer as it is full of the nutrients left in the leftover food. I started to think about which fertilizer would work best: According to my research on the difference between inorganic and organic f ertilizers, the organic fertilizers work so well because they supply the plants with the nutrients required for growth immediately. However, the organic fertilizers such as cattle manure work so well because they enrich the soil with humus allowing for nutrients to form naturally, which will last. I was interested in which of these fertilizers would produce the best crop in a set period of time, as this would help figure out which fertilizer is best to use in the garden. ResearchShow MoreRelatedHow Food Security And Hunger Are Huge Issues3133 Words   |  13 Pagescrisis of overpopulation, overconsumption, food loss, wastage and scarcity of natural resources like water, food and fuel for survival. Yet, many are still unaware about the significance of the problem. Although, technology has improved our lives and made things a good deal easier and convenient for us, however, it has not solved the questions of how to sustainably use the resources. This paper will further address the mo dern industrial agriculture practices that have caused negative impacts on theRead MoreOrganic Food8071 Words   |  33 Pagescultivating foods and other agricultural products using methods that do not involve modern synthetic inputs such as synthetic pesticides and chemical fertilizers, do not contain genetically modified organisms, and are not processed using irradiation. Organic food is produced with: †¢ No synthetic pesticides, herbicides or fumigants †¢ No fertilizers made with synthetic ingredients or sewage sludge †¢ No genetically modified organisms (GMOs) †¢ No irradiation †¢ No hormones, antibiotics, artificialRead MoreThe Antimicrobial Effect of 100% Mature Psidium Guajava (Guava) Leaf Extract on the Growth of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa (Atcc # 27853)5916 Words   |  24 Pages The guava extract will be weighed to get 100 g. Sterile distilled water will be added to the extract to make a 100 mL solution, which is equivalent to 100% concentration. Preparation of Filter Paper Disk Whatman Filter Paper No. 2 disks will be made with an approximate diameter of 6.6 mm by using an ordinary office two-hole puncher. Precaution must be taken to avoid overlapping of holes, since the paper disks will have a tendency to curl after punching. They will be flattened by spreading themRead MoreAn Introduction to Hydrophonics and Controlled Environment Agriculture40110 Words   |  161 Pagesnatural environment to an artificial one†¦ using protected agriculture and/or greenhouses. Modify or control the temperature, relative humidity, CO2, light, etc., to provide optimum conditions to grow any crop any time anywhere! What discoveries had to be made in order to develop the modern greenhouse? *1385 – The French built â€Å"glass pavilions† oriented toward the south to grow flowers (though mainly for the wealthy to enjoy!). *1500’s and 1600’s – The expanding glass industry in Italy probably promptedRead More International Trade And Development Report Essay3465 Words   |  14 Pagesthe New Zealand markets. For New Zealand the tariff for the agricultural product is so high in the percentage of 35%. Higher tariff value has made the products of New Zealand non-competitive to the competitor’s products. The free trade agreement between these two countries will play a major role in increasing the trade between these two countries. India has made many trade agreements, which are Asia pacific Trade agreement (APTA), Bhutan India agreement on trade commerce and transit, India-MaldivesRead MoreCountry Note Book of China17054 Words   |  69 PagesHeilongjiang has an average January mean temperature of below  Ã¢Ë†â€™20  °C  (−4  Ã‚ °F), and the reading may drop to  Ã¢Ë†â€™40  °C  (−40  Ã‚ °F); the average July mean in the same area may exceed  20  °C  (68  Ã‚ °F). By contrast, the central and southern parts of Guangdong province experience an average Ja nuary temperature of above  10  °C  (50  Ã‚ °F), while the July mean is generally above  28  °C  (82  Ã‚ °F). C. Topography writing guide The  topography  of China has been divided by theRead MoreBiology Ecology Project22611 Words   |  91 Pagesinhabited by life—and can provide the basic understanding that will help us conserve and sustain that richness, now threatened more than ever by human activity. The richness is particularly apparent in tropical forests, such as the Panamanian forests, home to the Hercules scarab beetle (Dynastes Hercules). Picture shows the Dynastes hercules Humans have always had an interest in the distribution and abundance of other organisms. As hunters and gatherers, prehistoric people had to learn whereRead MoreBhopal Gas Disaster84210 Words   |  337 Pagesin-depth understanding of the issues see www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/indepth/term/2542. A comprehensive collection of these up-to-date news clippings, research papers, lab studies, reports, documents, opinions and court judgments etc have now been made available by the Centre for Science and Environment at www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/taxonomy/term/2544. Links to selected CSE research papers and lab report. http://www.downtoearth.org.in/webexclusives/factsheet_1.htm http://www.indiaenvironmentportalRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38427 Words   |  154 Pagesoutstanding television writers, hosts, and producers. Born in Northern Ireland and educated at Oxford University, Burke spent 5 years in Italy teaching at the Universities of Bologna and Urbino and directin g the English Schools in Bologna and Rome. He made his television debut in 1965 as a reporter for Granada Television’s Rome Bureau. Burke’s impressive following in the British Isles dates back t o 1966, when he joined the BBC’s weekly science show, Tomorrow’s World. As the chief BBC correspondent forRead MoreImpact of Science on Society38421 Words   |  154 Pagesoutstanding television writers, hosts, and producers. Born in Northern Ireland and educated at Oxford University, Burke spent 5 years in Italy teaching at the Universities of Bologna and Urbino and directing the English Schools in Bologna and Rome. He made his television debut in 1965 as a reporter for Granada Television’s Rome Bureau. Burke’s impressive following in the British Isles dates back t o 1966, when he joined the BBC’s weekly science show, Tomorrow’s World. As the chief BBC correspondent for

What Makes A Fast Food Restaurant - 1045 Words

Ancient Rome and Greece had thermopoliums, which is where ready-to-eat food was served for travelers. Unfortunately, when the volcanoes erupted in Pompeii, the thermopoliums were destroyed. The thermopolium is often compared to the modern day fast food restaurant, due to the already prepared food and quick service. Everyone has eaten fast food in their life, but do they know the history and consequences of choosing the fast food life? White Castle, which opened in Wichita, Kansas, in 1921 is credited as the first fast food restaurant. White Castle’s founders decided to change how the public perceived hamburgers, since many people saw hamburgers as low quality. For this reason, they built their restaurant so that the customers could see their food being prepared. The term fast food was not widely used when White Castle first opened. The actual term fast food was recognized in the Merriam-Webster dictionary in 1951. A fast food restaurant is generally known for its fast food cuisine, minimal table service, and quick service. The customers place their own orders and take care of picking up their own condiments, utensils, etc. The Curb Service started as a novelty at an AW shop, but soon spread nationwide. In 1955, April 15, the first McDonald’s restaurant opened in Des Plaines, Illinois. The first assembly line was introduced in 1937. An assembly line is a line of method where meals are put together very quickly by several employees. McDonald’s growth spread tremendouslyShow MoreRelatedThe way that restaurants make their food is what attracts people. Did you know that in the fast500 Words   |  2 PagesThe way that restaurants make their food is what attracts people. Did you know that in the fast food they put an addictive substance called Propylene glycol? This is what can make the food so addicting that you just can’t stop eating it. This also makes the food look/taste fresh and moist. Propylene glycol adds 70 calories and 8 grams of extra fat to the food that you are already eating. This is a drug that is causing them to have such a junky body. Once eat a fast food that that you enjoy your brainRead MoreFast Foods And Fast Food1649 Words   |  7 PagesFast food is popular because it s convenient, it s cheap, and it tastes good. But the real cost of eating fast food never appears on the menu, was said by Eric Schlosser. Several people in America have become dependent on fast foods. How many of the people who eat this food actually know what is really in the food or how it was made? Others don t think about it, because within ordering, three minutes later a customer can pull up to the window, pay, and get food. It is quick and cheap. The UnitedRead MoreObesity Is A Serious Public Concern862 Words   |  4 PagesObesity has increased rapidly in the U.S. since the 1970s. At the same time, the number of fast food restaurants more than doubled over the same time period. Exposes such as â€Å"Fast Food Nation† (Schlosser, 2001) and â€Å"Supersize Me† (Spurlock, 2004) highlight the popular perception that these two trends may be related—the availability of fast food may have caused at least some of the increase in obesity. Obesity has been linked to hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, kidney problems andRead MoreFast Food : The Calorie Crisis1400 Words   |  6 PagesProfessor Healy ENGL 123 30 March 2015 Fast Food – The Calorie Crisis Over the years, Americans have slowly become aware of the seemingly crippling effects of fast food on their health. Lack of exercise along with an unhealthy diet is one of the leading causes of obesity, and fast food is a major contributor to those unhealthy diet choices. Fast food contributes the most to the astonishing rise in rates of obesity over the past years. The nutritional content of fast food is excessively high in caloriesRead More Stigma Within the Fast Food Industry Essay1298 Words   |  6 Pagesat a fast food restaurant, more often than not it is accompanied with a stigma. People tend to believe that those who work in fast food restaurants are not capable of anything better. They assume people working at fast food restaurants are slow and uneducated, or they simply look down upon them because these jobs have become known as dead-end jobs. This so-called dead-end job is what people might describe as low-wage labor that employees have a susceptibility to become trapped in. Fast food employee’sRead MoreFast Foods And Fast Food Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesFast food is one of the easiest ways to get food and eat it in a hurry. More people have been eating fast food rather than eating at home for years. The rate of fast food consumption has not slowed in over fifteen years (North). Americans in today’s society are busier than they have been. With people being busy they cannot find an easy way to make dinner, so they go to fast food restaurants to get food on the go. Many Americans also believe they are too busy to go shopping for groceries. Being busyRead MoreConvenience or Quality? Essay1086 Words   |  5 Pages One evening, I went with my family to eat at a restaurant called The Olive Garden. When we arrived, we went inside only to find that we had to wait for one hour before a table would become available. My family and I had to stand outside of the restaurant for a good portion of this time. While I was standing there, I look ed across the street and noticed that there were five fast food restaurants surrounding the shopping center. These places had no line in them and people were seated and enjoyingRead MoreObesity in America: Fast Food Restaurants are NOT the Problem918 Words   |  4 PagesWith the continued growth of fast food restaurants, low priced food, and fast friendly service, these restaurants have become very appealing to the average consumer. With this increase in popularity, there has come many problems for these companies associated with the fast food industry. These stores are being blamed for the rise of obesity and other health issues in America; leading to many wanting a ban or probation on these fast food restaurants. The Government has stepped in on this issue andRead MoreEssay about Benefits of Fast Food Restaurants867 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 22 J. Wharton Benefits of Fast Food Restaurants In the United States, the popularity of fast food restaurants is growing every day. Now days, people can buy a whole meal in fast food restaurants for between 6 to 7 dollars. People consider that fast food restaurants make their life easy and uncomplicated. For instance, if two parents was both working late and their kids was home with dinner not cooked, they could stop at any fast food restaurants to order food for dinner before heading homeRead MoreFast Food Restaurant s Cause Obesity1259 Words   |  6 Pagessociety think that fast food restaurant s cause obesity, but they most likely do not. It is a person’s choice of what they put in their body. Even though thousands of fast food restaurants have to follow certain pricing standards, their cheap food is usually unhealthy and their expensive food is usually healthy, the amount of individual responsibility depends on whether you keep your weight normal or if you don’t pay attention to your weight, and the amount of fast food restaurants responsibility depends

Current Development in Accounting Thoughts

Question: Discuss about the Current Development in Accounting Thoughts. Answer: Introduction: In the present situation the accounting concepts are affecting the business. The same accounting concepts are not accepted by most of the companies. The companies are concerned about the debts as it plays a major role. The companies are becoming engaged with the public a debts and private debts (Reisel, 2014). The public debt contracts have comparatively lower number of accounting than the private debt contracts. Debt capital providers always face difficulty to recover the given loans. They are worried about the future and so they want to provide the loan on contract basis. The accounting which is done in the present days is more practical and secured. The loan contracts are very proper and shows good situation. Debt is the borrowing funds from other resources. The innovation of tools to discover the signs of credit problems that may arise in future is very important. The business man requires some tools that can predict the future. Covenants help a lot in this respect as they give the creditors some facilities that have the right to ask for early payment. It is a set of clauses that is set by the business and restricts business policy (Horngren et al., 2012). The debt market practitioners can understand the consequences in a better way. The covenant structure in debt contracts is beneficial for the performance of the borrowing firms. The financial regulators can also be benefitted for this structure. The lenders want to apply more covenants to make the lending contract more strict and accurate. The covenants are useful for the integral part of controlling debt holder and share holder conflicts (Kiefer Pulvermller, 2012). The government borrows fund from the public or from foreign agencies to meet the deficiency in the revenue and public expenditure. It is process is done by the government when he expenditure exceed the revenue. The individuals can take loans from other persons and individuals. Public debt and private debt differs a lot and the covenants prepared for it also differs. Financial covenants in public debt contract are much different from the private debt contract. The government can hold the power to force the people of the country to lend money. In any emergency situation the government can take loans from the public and if the public denies paying the amount to the government then they can take immediate actions. An individual cannot forcefully ask money from another person. The government can take loans or borrow fund from other sources and can also utilize its own reserve. The government takes the amount from itself by printing paper notes and can easily make up the deficit amount. The other sources include foreign investors, public, etc. (Mather Peirson, 2006).The individuals take private debt and then cannot arrange the amount of money from them. The individuals can never arrange money from the foreign investors and they should borrow from other persons or national investors. Public debt contracts are generally for a long duration than the private debt. The government can increase the tax amount to get the loan repayment amount. The ind ividuals cannot do this due to lack of authority. The public loans are always related with the growth of the country but the private loans may be used for productive purpose and may not be used for productive purpose. The public debt certificates can be bought or sold to other persons at any time within the time of contract. Private debt contracts can only be sold to the debtors ( Fields, Fraser Subrahmanyam, 2012). Covenants restrict business policy and the creditors put particular actions into early requirement if the covenants got violated. The lenders will include covenants to the contracts and he can get the benefit of the cost constraints. The public debts are generally the bonds and the private debts are bank loans and this is the coordination among the debt holders. The innovative aspects are to emphasize on the violation cost and formalization of a market equilibrium approach. The recognition cost should be finalized and the coordination should be good between the two parties. There is an equilibrium market model for two types of debt contract depending on covenant. The firm maybe considered to issue a bond with covenant in the primary market. Another firm may be considered to borrow a syndicated bank loan including covenant. The models may find a coordination level that can guarantee the covenant efficiency (Gray Laughlin, 2012). The financial covenants are not much restrictive. The types of covenant used are very heterogeneous. In the present days the contracts are much confined with more data and numbers. The variety, collectivity is much more restrictive in the private debt contracts than the public debt contracts. The public debt contract requires more data on surveys .The covenant is not very much restrictive and depends on theories and suggestions. The contracts are more suitable to the lenders as I is a flexible contract. The private debt markets have financial intermediaries and make the contract easier for the borrowers (Lipinskey, 2012). The debt and equity concept is developing in a new way in the recent time. The managers want to show high profit with higher debt equity level that will increase the performance level. The managers may take up effective steps and can adopt accounting methods to increase the profit of the business (Denis Wang, 2014). To conclude the matter, the accounting practice is a continuing process. The financial aspects in the life is developing in each and every day. The recent financial concepts states that it is good it invest with proper documents. The covenant state the clauses to make a proper contract. Both the parties who are engaged in the contract should follow all the rules and regulations stated within the contract. The covenant plays a major role and helps he creditors to get the loan amount. The parties who are engaged in he contract are equally treated. The contract is beneficial for every situation that may arise in future or any breach of contract happens in future. References Kiefer, M., Pulvermller, F. (2012). Conceptual representations in mind and brain: theoretical developments, current evidence and future directions.Cortex,48(7), 805-825. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D., Tan, R. (2012).Financial Accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Lipinski, C. A., Lombardo, F., Dominy, B. W., Feeney, P. J. (2012). Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings.Advanced drug delivery reviews,64, 4-17. Gray, R., Laughlin, R. (2012). It was 20 years ago today: Sgt Pepper, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, green accounting and the blue meanies.Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal,25(2), 228-255. Fields, L. P., Fraser, D. R., Subrahmanyam, A. (2012). Board quality and the cost of debt capital: The case of bank loans.Journal of Banking Finance,36(5), 1536-1547. Christensen, H. B., Nikolaev, V. V. (2012). Capital versus performance covenants in debt contracts.Journal of Accounting Research,50(1), 75-116. Mather, P., Peirson, G. (2006). Financial covenants in the markets for public and private debt.Accounting Finance,46(2), 285-307. Denis, D. J., Wang, J. (2014). Debt covenant renegotiations and creditor control rights.Journal of Financial Economics,113(3), 348-367. Reisel, N. (2014). On the value of restrictive covenants: Empirical investigation of public bond issues.Journal of Corporate Finance,27, 251-268.

The Case against Grammar Correction in L2 Writing Classes Review Essay Example

The Case against Grammar Correction in L2 Writing Classes Review Essay John Truscotts Article Review The article argues that grammar correction in L2 writing classes is harmful to many students. The second language (L2) writing courses assume that individuals from non-English speaking communities often acquire language through practice and experience. The class assignments targeting such students involve tasks that require them to retell information in the form of narratives, expository or argumentative essays. However, Truscott (1996) found that the L2 courses do not always achieve the targeted benefits. According to the researcher, substantial studies have shown that the practice does not yield any positive impacts on the learners; language abilities. He argues that the L2 learners often repeat the same mistakes even after being corrected severally. On the other hand, many teachers do not believe that the L2 courses are not useful. ;Such instructors base their arguments on unfounded assumptions. ;Truscott (1996) assert that the authors hardly cite evidence and when they do the proofs are based on general assumptions that do not apply in the real world. The researchers have not been critically analyzing the nature of the grammar correction process. That is, the scholars who support the L2 writing courses neither concentrates on the practical problems nor do they assess the theoretical issues involved in the classes. According to Truscott (1996) teachers supporting the L2 courses have strong intuitions that grammar corrections are essential for language development. Consequently, the instructors ignore the multiple empirical studies that have demonstrated that the grammar classes cause more harm than good to the students. In contrast, Truscott found that language development is a gradual process and not short-term discoveries as t hese teachers think. ;He disregards the intuitions arguing that correcting the students when they are not ready does not produce any significant value. We will write a custom essay sample on The Case against Grammar Correction in L2 Writing Classes Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Case against Grammar Correction in L2 Writing Classes Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Case against Grammar Correction in L2 Writing Classes Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The article further found that the past studies have not been paying sufficient attention to the adverse impacts of the grammar correction. These side effects include affecting the learners; attitude and self-esteem. The students also spend a significant part of their study time on tasks that do not add value to their lives. However, since the teachers are not knowledgeable on these facts, their students continue to suffer. ;According to Truscott (1996), the researchers have insisted that the grammar correction lessons should continue despite these adverse consequences. In most cases, the students do not benefit because the teachers use codes that they do not understand. ;For example, the instructors used ineffective assessment methods to evaluate the learners; progress. As such, it is interesting that most teachers do not believe that L2 courses have no significant value on the learners despite the several studies that have established a negative correlation between the grammar correction and the students; language development. ;For example, Truscott (1996) cites several studies conducted between 1981 and 1990 showing that a significant number of students who underwent the training still committed the grammatical errors. ;The controversy made me think about my experience (whether the grammar corrections improved my language abilities). Nevertheless, I agree with Truscott that the grammar correction will enhance the learners; skills if the teachers adapt appropriate strategies. The instructors should maximize the positive impacts by developing customized lesson plans based on their students; learning needs. They should assess the learners; skills and allow them adequate time to improve on their weak areas. ; Reference ;Truscott, J. (1996). The case against grammar correction in l2 writing classes. Language Learning 46, 327 ; 369.

SIX WAYS TO WARM UP TO COLD-CALLING!

SIX WAYS TO WARM UP TO COLD-CALLING! For those who believe cold-calling puts them in the same category as â€Å"pesky telemarketers, â€Å"it‘s time for a paradigm shift. In today’s tough freelancing climate, one must employ every advantage to stay in the game and stay in the black.  According to Peter Bowerman, author of the Well-fed Writer series, â€Å"Assuming you’re a competent, reliable writer, if you pursue this business, you’ll be a professional marketing a valuable and needed professional service to other professionals.† Note: This year alone, I landed several major clients Are you a killer copywriter? An expert in SEO? Have you written an informative self-help book that you’re convinced bookstore owners in your area should know about? Ask any veteran salesman and he’ll tell you the better you feel about your product or services, the easier it is to get â€Å"geeked† about it, and have others feel good about it too.  2. Remember, practice makes perfect. There’s no doubt about it: many writers are rather shy Do a little background research on the companies you target. What are their strengths? Who is their customer base? Go even further. Purchase â€Å"lead lists† that specifically identify your ideal client . For example, a list can be bought according to a preferred geographic area, income level or business type. Keep in mind that a strategic approach increases your odds of success and prevents potential burnout.  4. Understand that there’s a psychology to selling. Whether you’re peddling widgets or words, it‘s crucial to get into your potential customer‘s head. What specific needs does your service or product address? How can you help others to become more productive or profitable? Assess then deliver. 5. Recognize that timing is everything. To optimize your efforts, call when it’s likely you won’t be considered an intrusion or inconvenience. For example, don’t make contact ten minutes before closing time, or five minutes after the start of business hours. Always be polite to â€Å"gate keepers†.  6. Mentally â€Å"suit up†. Boxer, Muhammad Ali, used to chant â€Å"I’m the greatest† before entering the ring with his opponents. And a similar preparation is needed before you do battle in business! Preparation might be repeating positive affirmations, or listening to your favorite motivational speaker on audio tape, or visualizing your success first. Preparation helps to cushion the blows of rejection and equips you to go the distance.  Observe these six timely tips and you’ll discover that cold-calling can be another effective way to â€Å"connect† with customers and build your business. Suggested Resource:amazon.com/Successful-Cold-Call-Selling-Examples/dp/0814477186Successful Cold Call Selling

How to Overcome Math Anxiety

How to Overcome Math Anxiety Do you feel a little flushed when you think about doing math homework? Do you think youre no good at math? If you find yourself putting off your math work or dreading math tests, you may suffer from math anxiety. What Is Math Anxiety? Math Anxiety is a type of fear. Sometimes fear is merely the dread of some unknown that lurks out there. How do you conquer this type of fear? You isolate it, examine it closely, and understand what its made of. When you do this, youll soon find that the fear goes away. There are five common factors and feelings that make us avoid math. When we avoid it, we lose confidence and then start building up dread and fear. Lets confront the things that cause us to avoid math! Im Just Not Cut Out for Math Sound familiar? Actually, there is no such thing as a brain type that makes one person better than another at math. Yes, studies show that there are different brain types, but those types just concern your approach at problem solving. Your approach can be different from another students, but it can still be just as effective. One factor that affects math performance more than any other is confidence. Sometimes a stereotype can make us believe that we are naturally less capable than others. Studies have shown that math stereotypes are not true! Interestingly, studies do show that positive thinking can improve math performance. Basically, there are two things that you can do to really and truly improve your math performance: Dont accept stereotypes about mathThink positive thoughts. If you are smart at any skill at all, then you can be smart at math. If you are good at writing or foreign language, for instance, that proves you can be smart at math. Building Blocks Are  Missing This is a legitimate cause for anxiety. If you avoided math in lower grades or you just didnt pay enough attention in middle school, you may be feeling stressed out because you know your background is weak. There is good news. You can overcome this problem easily by skimming through a textbook that was written for a level slightly lower than your current class. First, youll be surprised at how much you do know. Secondly, youll find there are only a few skills you need to practice before youre completely caught up. And those skills will come easily! Want proof? Think about this: There are many, many adult students who start college after being out of class for ten and twenty years. They survive college algebra by brushing up quickly on forgotten (or never acquired) basic skills using old text books or a refresher course. Youre not as far behind as you think you are! Its never too late to catch up. Its Just So Boring! This is a false accusation. Many students who like the drama of literature or social studies may accuse math of being un-interesting. There are many mysteries in math and science! Mathematicians enjoy debating approaches to long-unsolved problems. From time to time, somebody will discover the solution to a problem that others have sought for years. Math poses challenges that can be amazingly gratifying to conquer. Additionally, there is a perfection to math that cant be found in many places on this earth. If you like mystery and drama, you can find it in the complexity of math. Think of math as a great mystery to solve. It Takes Too Much Time It is true that many people suffer real anxiety when it comes to setting aside a certain span of time and committing to it. This is one of the factors that often leads to procrastination, and it manifests in people of all ages. For example, many adults put off tasks when they know they will have to devote themselves completely for an hour or two. Perhaps, deep down, were afraid well miss out on something. There is just a certain amount of anxiety or fear that comes with stepping out of our life for an hour or two and focusing on one specific thing. This explains why some adults put off paying bills or doing odd jobs around the house. This is one of those fears that we can overcome, just by acknowledging it. Realize that its normal to resist devoting an hour of your thoughts to your math homework. Then simply think your way through your fear. Think about the other things in your life that youll need to set aside. Youll soon realize that can do without them all for an hour or two. Its Too Complex to Understand It is true that math involves some very complex formulas. Remember the process for overcoming any fear? Isolate it, examine it, and break it down into little parts. Thats exactly what you have to do in math. Every formula is made of little parts or skills and steps that youve learned in the past. Its a matter of building blocks. When you come across a formula or process that seems too complex, just break it down. If you find that youre a little weak on some of the concepts or steps that make up one element of the formula, then just go back and work on your building blocks.

The Differences and Similarities of the Different Asian American Research Paper

The Differences and Similarities of the Different Asian American Immigrant Experiences - Research Paper Example In chapter 3, we find that all servants who came into America still got discriminated against by the wealthy class of white people. During this time, Africans were being shipped as servants. Asian Americans have been here for over one hundred and fifty years, the Chinese arrived first but what happened to them influenced how the Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Indians altogether were received. We observe that many of the immigrants received a hostile reception from the Native Americans and were treated as second rate citizens. 1882 saw the enacting of the Chinese Exclusion Act, which prohibited the entry of the newcomers on basis of their nationality. The Japanese likewise were not accepted in America. This they realized with a lot of pain when they were placed in internment camps during World War 11. Many of the Asian immigrants were received with some sort of discrimination in addition to laws and acts being enacted to prohibit certain countries immigrants from entering the USA w hich affected almost all the immigrant. There was competition between the white settlers and the Chinese which saw the enactment of Foreign Miner’s license Tax, where every foreigner not keen to become a citizen should pay three dollars on tax. Since Chinese could not become citizens, the enacting of the tax affected them entirely with act tax being followed by many others that were mainly intended to frustrate immigrants. Another similarity in experience is that at the beginning, Asia immigrants were welcomed because of the cheap labor they provided. For instance, the Chinese were welcomed in the building of the railroad. This clearly came to change later as their hardworking nature made them a threat. A worthy experience for all Asians was that of the Anti- Asian Laws which was mainly intended to frustrate the difference Asians immigrants. A notable difference is that of the Chinese and Japanese. Though the Japanese migrated in large numbers to Hawaii, their numbers in the mainland were insignificant as compared to Chinese, this thought changed as of 1902. Another difference in experience is actually the fact that the Japanese were able to economically empower themselves through agriculture something that the Chinese never had. Another difference is that with time the Japanese Exclusion Act was eliminated which was on the same line as that of the Chinese Exclusion Act. Another worthy difference to note is the fact that the Hawaii Japanese later were able to populate and stated their own family something the Chinese never did. The Indians too, though, they had lived for long in the United States, they too experienced hurdles from the United States government. They received harsh treatment coupled with the enactment of laws aimed at barring them from immigrating into the United States. They suffered from poverty realities too just like any other Natives Immigrant.  Ã‚  

Reflecting on Assessment Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflecting on Assessment - Personal Statement Example I know that whenever we are trying to accomplish something, it is a group effort so you cannot have the results exactly as you had in mind because individual perceptions differ but on the whole it was still close to what I had wanted so I feel happy. Conflicts were common and most of the time, they were handled pretty well though it all depended on the individuals involved in the conflicts. Some of them were quite mature so they handled their issues with utmost sensitivity while others were a bit callous. But since in the end it was important to have them resolved, we refused to talk too much about them. Though it would have been better if we could discuss the way in which some of us handled conflicts. That way we can do better in future and understand our own limitations in much better way. Individual contribution was encouraged but some times some of us felt underappreciated. Though I feel that the contributions I made were acknowledged, I still feel that some of the members were acknowledged more than others. I am just not sure they really deserved it.

Sociology and Basic Existentialist Standpoint Essay Example for Free

Sociology and Basic Existentialist Standpoint Essay There are six themes of existentialism; the themes are classified to characterize the mode of thought of those who would call themselves existentialists. The first theme is known as existence precedes essence, which is the basic existentialist standpoint. The values in a persons life are not inherited from the society, but are solely based on their consciousness. The second theme is classified as anxiety. The nature of anxiety is like the dread of being nothing. This anxiety motivates existentialists to make something of their lives instead of embracing the pointless of life. The third theme of existentialism displays absurdity, there is no reason for humans to exist, nothing has a point, and its rather silly. The fourth theme is known as Nothingness, an existentialist feels as if they are defined only by their being but the beliefs and in situations that one lives can also be defined. An existentialist believes theyre born with nothing: no prepositions can create everything for themselves. Therefore an existentialist must have no structures. Death is known as the fifth theme of existentialism. Death is the final end of existence, thus death is a motivating factor in life. Everyone has a natural fear of death, but we should overcome hat fear, live life to the fullest. Let death happen because it is inevitable. Alienation displays the sixth theme of existentialism. Alienation is the isolation from society and social orders. It is present in society, to those individuals who create and pursue their personal desires, also not majority rules. In this theme, they do not connect with social institutions; therefore an existentialist finds their society empty and meaningless.

Population and Global Warming Essay -- Climate Change, Greenhouse Gase

Population and Global Warming In recent years, people have begun to realize the adverse affects of the technologies we use. The tools that humans use to harness energy change the face of the environment around us. When the industrial revolution began, I am sure that no one thought that the innovation taking place could potentially be the cause of a huge change in our surroundings. People were just doing what they thought was the best course of action at that time: the new utilization of resources for the growing population. Unfortunately, we have not retained the same sense of well being. The shift in energy resources allowed for an increased population or, conversely, an increasing population required the invention of new tools to deal with the environment surrounding humans. Not only were more people needed to man the machines, but more humans could be supported because of the increase in agricultural yield and the new lands that had opened up for colonization. There was the feeling of continuous well being and expansion. I do not think that we are out of the expansionist mindset: the population boom figures prove this. For most organisms, a population grows and then reaches a plateau; in effect, an s-shaped curve. Humans are not following this pattern, or have not reached their plateau. Yet as of now, the human population is increasing exponentially and shows no signs of stopping. The use of resources has expanded to match the continued growth. Because of our history of degradation, growth just means more pressure on the earths systems. The industrial age began a time in which humans were not just altering their visible surroundings, but began to change the make up of these surroundings as well. Without knowing it, ... ...earth is able to contain. If the later is true, we are just fixing the problems as they occur, not finding a real solution to the problem. The increased use of contraceptives and factors such as literacy and women's rights has decreased the population expansion (class discussion). It could be that our problem will be solved by the population actually decreasing. But before that happens, if we are not going to fix the root of the problem (that of climate change because of human use), we should find better ways of getting energy and using the resources that we have, such as renewable resources and green chemistry. Whatever it is, something must be done to stop the environment from changing so drastically. [1] Freeman, Scott. Biological Sciences. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2002. [2] Freeman, Scott. Biological Sciences. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2002.

Electric utility Essay

Doctor’s office – job shop or project. All patients do not require the same procedures, namely the service offered are custom in nature. Automatic car wash – assembly line flow. There is a linear sequence of operations common to all cars. College curriculum – can be any: Assembly line flow: if same curriculum is required of all students, batch: if curriculum is tailored to some degree, or project: if curriculum is tailored to individual students. Studying for an exam – project. The studying process is unique to each student for different, unique exams. Registration for classes – assembly line. All students must largely complete the same sequence of steps which vary little regardless of the program of study. Electric utility – continuous process as the product is highly standardized and can be automated to a great degree in order to better achieve a low unit cost. Q2. Why are assembly-line processes usually so much more efficient but le ss flexible than batch processes? Give three reasons. Reasons for efficiency, but less flexibility of the line than the batch process: a. Standardization of tasks b. Standard products c. Highly automated d. Specialized equipment e. Unskilled or semi-skilled labor Q3. The rate of productivity improvement in the service industries has been much lower than in manufacturing. Can this be attributed to process selection decisions? What problems would be involved in using more efficient processes in service industries? Yes, the rate of productivity improvement in the service industries can be partly attributed to process selection  decisions. Service industries typically select a batch or project process to provide customized service. This is usually less efficient than the assembly line or continuous process approach. The problems in using more efficient processes in the service industries are: Possible customer dissatisfaction with standardized product Need for extensive capital investment Need for high and stable volume, particularly without inventory Difficult to specify exact process sequence The customer can be involved in the process during production of the service and create unique demands or inefficiencies. Q6. Compare the expensive restaurant, fast-food restaurant, and cafeteria in terms of process characteristics such as capital, product type, labor, planning, and control systems. The project process, typically used for skyscraper construction, probably does lead to higher costs because the volume of skyscraper construction is low. To make a batch process preferred would require construction of some number of identical skyscrapers. This seems both unlikely and aesthetically undesirable. Perhaps, however, sections of skyscrapers could be standardized and produced by batch processes while still maintaining the appearance of unique buildings. This would be a modular approach to the problem. Q7. An entrepreneur is planning to go into the food business. How would he or she decide whether to open a cafeteria, fast-food restaurant, or fine restaurant? What factors should be considered in this decision? He would have to consider marketing operations, and financial aspects of the problem. The factors to be considered are: Cafeteria Fast Food Fine Restaurant Capital Requirements Heavy initial investment to set up cafeteria line. Low inventory. Medium initial investment, but higher inventory needs. Lower initial investment medium inventory. Market Conditions Need for large body of steady customers; mobile market. Inexpensive market. Competition very intense. Need for large and inexpensive market. Competition fairly intense. Need for expensive Less danger from competition. Labor Low skilled labor at low cost. Low skilled labor at low cost. Highly skilled cooks and waiters required. Technology Most risky. Less risky. Little risk. Q10. What are the strategies of the following organizations? Is the strategy defined in terms of product or process or both? McDonald’s. AT&T Telephone Co. General Motors. Harvard Business School. Distinctive Competence Product/Process McDonald’s Restaurant Fast, inexpensive, quality food, pleasant atmosphere . Product & Process AT&T Telephone Company Highest volume of calls Best technology Process Ge neral Motors Its reputation, number of dealers Product & Process Harvard Business School Case method Process Q12. A new business is considering starting up a new plant to produce low-volume, standard products. They are hoping that the business will grow and the products eventually will become successful and sell in high volumes. a. The business should consider using a batch process that is flexible enough to be modified into a line process when the products become successful and sell in high volume. b. The business should expect the need to invest more when it eventually uses a line process. It may be necessary to purchase special purpose equipment when the products sell in high volume for a long period of time. Lower skills, lower pay and more repetitive tasks may characterize the future labor force. Q1. Classify the following services by their degree of customer contact (high, medium, or low). Also, determine how much uncertainty the customer introduces into the system by the ability to make customized service demands (high, medium, or low). Check clearing in a bank. Bank teller. Bank loan officer. Customer contact customized service demands Check clearing in a bank Low Medium Bank teller High Low Bank loan officer Medium High Q5. Describe the service-product bundle for each of the following services: Hospital. Lawyer. Trucking firm. Trucking firm is tangible service – explicit service what the provider does for customer Hospital is psychological benefits – implicit service how customer feels after service Lawyer is physical goods – facilitating goods used during service or received by customer Q10. Why is the service-profit chain important to operations management? The service-profit chain model tries to link all the components required to make an organization successful. According to this model, a company that performs well in one aspect and poorly in another will eventually develop problems that affect the entire organization. This working model highlights the importance of the links between quality management, a good work force and exceptional service to the customer. Q14. How can we use the service matrix to improve service operations? The Service Process Matrix is a classification matrix of service  industry firms based on the characteristics of the individual firm’s service pr ocesses. The Service Process Matrix can be useful when investigating the strategic changes in service operations. In addition, there are unique managerial challenges associated with each quadrant of the matrix. By paying close attention to the challenges associated with their related classification, service firms may improve their performance. Also, the Service-System Design Matrix is a useful tool for understanding the different elements Service Design Matrix of a service system. Q16. What key factors are most firms seeking when they offshore services? Transaction-intensive services becoming commoditized. Professional services more commonly offshored High-end niche providers are globally dispersed Firms moving fast to scoop up global talent Collaboration and maintaining quality challenging with globally dispersed providers

Down East Spud Busters

As a manager, one of the many aspects of your role is to â€Å"control†, which as you know, means periodically (or continually) checking on the status of production, operations, staffing, budget, quality, etc. Now, employees often react negatively to this, communicating actively or passively resentment about the manager's actually or figuratively â€Å"looking over their shoulders† or trying to catch them doing something wrong or always â€Å"making corrections† about the way things are being done. What re some strategies you can use to do a good Job controlling, but avoid the employee backlash In attitude?This really would depend on what type of Industry and the structure of the company. From my past working experiences I used deferent methods were needed to control quality and production. As a project manager In the telecoms Industry an on-hands style was needed In order to get each station physically approved from the vendor. The relationship between managemen t and supervisors,'leads could be anywhere In the range of tense to cordial depending on he quality of the job the supervisor's crew produced.There were other elements that also had to be taken into consideration. Such as, weather, equipment availability, and deadlines. A looking over the shoulder strategy is needed, and is part of some job specification. Another strategy I have had to use was daily receiving, production and shipping reports. While using these methods a minimum interaction is needed with the employees. These types of reports can tell you if production is down from absentee, bad products from vendors or equipment failures.

History and Underlying Assumptions Essays

History and Underlying Assumptions Essays History and Underlying Assumptions Paper History and Underlying Assumptions Paper The Encyclopaedia Britannica (2010) defines Biological Psychology as the study of the interrelationship of biology and psychology that affects behaviour. In other words, it takes careful examination on the physiological bases of behaviour that is manifested by an individual in certain conditions. Biological Psychology as a discipline concerns itself with: the relationship between psychological processes and the underlying physiological events- or, in other words, the mind-body phenomenon. Its focus is the function of the brain and the rest of the nervous system in recognized as characteristic of humans and other animals (britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458833/biological-psychology). Nervous system in activities refers to functions of the brain such as thinking, learning, perceiving, feeling and sensing. Biological Psychology concerns itself with the application of biological principles to the workings of the mind and bodily mechanisms. Biological Psychology is also known as Behavioural Neuroscience, Psychobiology and Biopsychology. Basically, biological psychology makes use of the biology to explain and understand the behaviour of both human beings and animals through the use of controlled experiments. To understand Biological Psychology, it is best to trace its history and developments through the years. Avicenna, in the year 980-1037 C.E., was the first to study and associate psychology and physiology in his study involving treatment of illnesses that are related to emotions. Wickens (2005) gave background on the emergence of biological psychology as a contemporary discipline under psychology. He explained that even before the time of Plato and Aristotle, the mind-body-problem was already emerging in both the scientific and philosophical world. In the 1600s, dualism became popular through the works of to Renà © Descartes. Descartes was the first to distinguish the brain from the mind and awareness. Other notable philosophers also contributed a lot in the development of biopsychology. These people maintained that psychological processes can be associated with biological or physiological processes. The Principles of Psychology as written by William James in 1890 was one of the earliest books in the field of Biological Psychology. James argued that biology is always vital in the scientific study of psychology. Psychology must be grounded on the principles of biology. Influential scientific researcher made by William Harvey, Claude Bernard and Charles Bell also reinforced the legitimacy of the connections between psychology and biology. Moreover, the term Biological Psychology was made popular in the modern era through the work of Knight Dunlap in his publication entitles â€Å"An Outline of Psychobiology†. Leahey (2000) explained that Dunlap has published his research with great emphasis on the interconnection of mental and bodily functions and behaviours which has become the basis for the general validity of the discipline of biological psychology. The study of Biological Psychology also stems from the knowledge base of other disciplines such as psychology, biology, genetics and neurology. All these disciples are vital in explaining behaviour of animals and humans beings. The human brain is very complex that is why understanding it would require several inputs from other disciplines. Psychology and biology together with other related sciences can explain the workings of the mind in relations to bodily functions. It cannot be isolated from other disciplines as it is itself a product of a convergence of disciplines. Considering the scope and themes of Biological Psychology such as brain and behaviour, development of the nervous system, control and coordination of perception and actions, motivations, language and cognitive processes, memory mechanisms, mental disorders and emotional problems, it is indeed imperative that inputs from other sciences are being applied to biological psychology. All other disciplines overlap in biological psychology as this is crucial in the holistic understanding of the biological and physiological interconnectedness.

10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills

10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills 10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills 10 Tips to Improve Your Writing Skills By Mark Nichol 1. Prepare Absorb information about writing, but don’t overwhelm yourself. I’ve been known to read a writing handbook or editing manual cover to cover, but I recommend reading one chapter or section at a time and absorbing information from online resources in similarly small doses as well. Our website is a good starting point, as it features thousands of posts about specific grammar, syntax, and style topics as well as vocabulary-building posts and more comprehensive posts about writing, editing, and language. 2. Practice Work on your writing every day. Commit to a daily writing exercise, even if you have only five minutes to spare. If you write for a living, or writing constitutes a significant proportion of your daily tasks at work, still set aside time to practice other forms of composition. Style or subject matter can vary day to day, or you can decide to, for example, respond in writing to something you experienced with any of your five senses (including anything you watched or read by way of a form of media). Alternatively, find a list of writing prompts online, and use the next one on the list each day, or choose one randomly. (Encourage family members or friends- or even coworkers- to join you in producing their own responses.) 3. Engage with Others Participating in a group learning activity is a great motivator. When you have paid for a class and/or scheduled time for attend classes or workshop sessions, you’re more likely to persevere, and completing assignments and projects will help you establish and/or maintain your writing discipline. If you’re intimidated by a group setting, consider finding a writing partner with whom you can exchange drafts and/or discuss concepts and practice skills, then graduate, on your own or with your partner, to a course or workshop. Alternatively, seek out online courses or groups. 4. Read Read for education, enjoyment, and enlightenment. For the most part, with recreational reading, just sit back and enjoy yourself. But consider devoting occasional sessions to analytical reading, in which you highlight particularly effective words, phrases, sentences, and paragraphs and think about why they stand out, and apply the techniques to your own writing. 5. Organize Use organizational techniques such as outlines and diagrams. Brainstorm keywords and essential ideas or plot points. If other forms of creative expression stimulate you, use them: Listen to (or play) music to inspire a certain mood, collect photographs or illustrations of people, places, and things that suggest elements you want to incorporate into an essay or a short story, or draw sketches of characters or settings to help you visualize them. 6. Research and Fact-Check Whether you’re writing nonfiction or fiction, take care to write authoritatively. If you’re writing a short story or a novel, read about the historical background of the setting to make sure that you are not introducing counterfactual or anachronistic elements. When crafting a newspaper, magazine, or website article, or a blog post, educate yourself on your topic, and double-check quantitative information: proper names; affiliations and relationships; and dates, distances, dollar amounts, and so on. 7. Be Flexible Write with an open mind. Be flexible about changing the focus of an article or essay or the protagonist or plot of a short story or a novel. Question your assumptions, and accept that your initial goal or message may not be the most effective or useful one, or the one that you are prepared to express just now. 8. Draft Expect to be dissatisfied by your first draft, and don’t assume that your second draft is your last. Whether you’re writing a blog post or a book manuscript, the initial iteration may only slightly resemble the final draft- which, if you also submit it for editing, will differ from the edited version. Some writers have managed to produce an admirable piece of writing on the first try, but you will very likely spend as much time revising your first draft (and subsequent efforts) as you did producing it, if not more time. Embrace the opportunity to improve your baseline output by reorganizing, inserting, and omitting text; reshaping phrases and sentences; and replacing bland verbs and tired clichà ©s and vague descriptions. 9. Hire an Editor You’re free to post to your own blog or self-publish your novel without any further mediation, but you will be more successful as a writer if you accept that objective assistance enhances virtually everyone’s prose. Hiring an editor is a significant investment of time and money- editorial attention to a long novel, for example, can cost a couple thousand dollars and take several weeks- but if you find a good editor, the investment will be worth it. (And note that with any other service, you often get what you pay for, so when choosing an editor, focus on quality of results you will obtain rather than quantity of expense you will incur.) If you can’t afford such an expense, at least ask a friend or acquaintance to go over your writing for you, and perhaps offer to edit something of theirs in exchange or to provide a service of similar monetary value (dog walking or pet sitting, clerical or organizational assistance, repair or construction, and so on) in return. Just understand that assistance from someone on the basis of acquaintance is less likely to be either objective or of professional caliber. Choose an editor who knows what they are doing and will not hesitate to provide revisions and critiques at the risk of damaging your ego. 10. Practice Humility Perhaps you were praised at home and/or at school for your writing, or you have won one or more writing awards, or you have had articles or stories (or even books) published. Any or all of those achievements constitute a good start. But you are still developing as a writer, and you always will be. Continue to practice these habits and welcome other opportunities to grow functionally and creatively as a writer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Regarding Re:Anyone vs. EveryoneEpidemic vs. Pandemic vs. Endemic

Labour Economics, Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Labour Economics, - Essay Example Discussion and Analysis Theoretical Models of Economics of Education The most frequently used model for the assessment of education economics is the schooling model. The model perceives education as a form of investment by which the people who are taking the services get themselves trained with certain skills that in future help them to work and earn wages. For example, workers who had not taken specialised training for making pins would not be able to deliver the products and earn money. On the other hand, the person who has technical training would be able to work for some organisation that would add to his living. Hence it is extremely essential to acquire skills. In the same way, both of a high school pass-out and a graduate would be able to earn money, but the former would have less specialised education and thus would always earn less than the graduate unless he upgrades himself with the necessary education. Thus the return out of higher education is definitely positive and it adds value to the earning capacity of a person in the later stages of life. The second most popular theory regarding the economics of education is the signalling model. This theory states that when a person completes his education it signals for the labour market that he is capable of doing work efficiently and therefore the person can be employed. It determined the employability of the person. The Marxist approach to education is somewhat different from the approaches discussed above. According to Marx, skill development and education were two different phenomena. The capitalist society would encourage the development of skills so that more and more workers get specialised skills and help to increase in the total productivity. This would only benefit the capitalists by increasing their profits. Instead Marx emphasises on education and states that proper education would liberate the individual from the exploitation of the bourgeois and would make the economy a socialist one (Carneir o and Heckman, 2003, p. 4). The following graph describes the relationship between the age of a person and the return on investment. The opportunity cost of funds is constant over the entire period of time. It must also be noted that there is a trade of between the time that a person engages himself for education and the time that is spent for earning some income. In the figure we find that the marginal rate of return on investment decreases over the life of the person. At the preschool level the return is the highest it is the lowest at the post school level where the curve becomes asymmetric. Hence if the person is engaged more in higher education, then he has to bear a lot of opportunity cost because the time that the person spends in educating himself could have been used for earning a livelihood. Instead the person has to bear an expense. Empirical Approaches and Difficulties in Measuring Rate of Return on Education Most of the empirical researches have proved that in all cases of high enrolment in particular countries, the growth rate has increased. Thus a positive correlation is found to exist in the level of education, rates of educated and the growth rate of the economy (Boser, 2011, p. 8). There is also a noticeable corollary along with this. The countries that have shown the least difference in the male and female

The History of Banking in the United States Research Paper

The History of Banking in the United States - Research Paper Example At its core, a bank, no matter at what place in history or where it is located, does the same thing: it deals with taking in, recording, and giving out money. It is ironic to note that, upon the celebration of the United States of America gaining their independence from England, there was no bank in existence in the former colonies. As colonies of England, they had fallen under the Bank of England, and used the British forms of money, as their legal tender (Rothbard 47). Far more common, however, was trade in the form of barter of items, such as beaver fur and wampum, as well as tobacco and rice (Rothbard 48). Called â€Å"commodity money†, it served the needs of the colonists during trade with each other, especially in outlying rural areas; however, an actual legal tender was needed, it was found, when trading in cities or in a foreign market with other countries. Thus the newly-formed states were forced to bring in money from other countries to act as their own currency; before long, Spanish doubloons competed alongside French, Portuguese, and Brazilian coins for tender (Rothbard 49). This controversy was solved when, in 1781, the Bank of North America was founded by Roger Morris in Philadelphia (Foster 176). As the first bank established on the new soil, its primary aim was to finance the American Revolution, as well as economize the use of cash. Its primary aim was to do this by using the money that it was paid by depositors as loans to others, often at two or three times the amount of cash on hand (Foster 176). It succeeded admirably in both areas, making loans to not only the government but private citizens, and was quickly followed by more banks. To stay out of the limelight of the raging debate of whether or not Congress had the power, under the Articles of Confederation, it procured a charter from the State of Pennsylvania, which was continuously renewed until the bank entered the national banking system (Foster 178). This bank was quickly followed by other banks, including the Bank of Massachusetts, established in 1784, the Bank of New York, also founded i n 1784, and the Bank of the Manhattan Company, founded by Aaron Burr under the disguise of a company that was to supply pure water to New York City (Foster 179). While all of this was going on, a debate was raging in the new Congress. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, called for a national bank, stating it was needed to manage the government money and to regulate the credit of the nation (Johnson 7). Thomas Jefferson argued that there was no provision for a national bank in the U.S. Constitution, therefore it was not within the power of Congress to create one (Johnson 7). Hamilton, after lengthy discussions on the fact that the new government had created fiscal powers in the past, and therefore owed it to the people to exercise some control over them, won the argument and the First Bank of the United States was

'Anti-capitalism today is a meaningless concept.' Do you agree Essay

'Anti-capitalism today is a meaningless concept.' Do you agree - Essay Example Capitalistic ideology organises an economic system so that production systems and mechanisms utilised to transport products are owned by private citizens or private businesses rather than by government actors. In opposite accord, anti-capitalism consists of a variety of different ideologies and movements that radically oppose capitalistic principles and philosophies. Those who adhere to the anti-capitalist movement desire to replace capitalism with another, more relevant and socially responsible system. The anti-capitalist dogma essentially iterates that state governments are significantly wasteful with resources and inefficient economically (Beinhocker 2006). As a result, the anti-capitalist creed suggests that the means of production should be controlled by labourer cooperatives and the economy organised more efficiently instead of concentrating power and wealth among only a small segment within society which tends to be an outcome of utilising capitalistic mechanisms. Anti-capital ism desires to remove labour exploitation from the economic system, giving them greater autonomy and liberation from the systems in a corporate context that serve to discipline workers for non-compliance to elite corporate regimes that control power resources meant to benefit broader society. It has been suggested that in today’s globalised environment, anti-capitalism is a meaningless concept. However, there is ample support that the anti-capitalism doctrine offers solid arguments about the inefficiency, financial waste and inequality that occurs as a result of capitalism. Anti-capitalism, therefore, is not a meaningless concept. It provides rational and ethically-based objections about the lack of justice and equality that occurs through the utilisation of capitalistic systems. Anti-capitalism philosophy is quite relevant even today which will be illustrated through consultation with a variety of literature and theorist perspectives that essentially serve to condemn capital ism as being a viable and relevant economic model. Characteristics of capitalist ideology Adam Smith, a moral philosopher and founder of political economy, would have been a proponent for the relevance of capitalistic ideology. In his 1776 book, The Wealth of Nations, Smith stated: "The subjects of every state ought to contribute towards the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities - that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state." (Smith 1977, p.84). Smith believed in the exploitation of labourers for the pursuit of ensuring corporate stability and profitability and providing guarantees that government would be supported through the payment of private citizen taxes which is based on their wages and profits earned through labour. Smith proposed that corporations should maintain a primary objective of earning revenues so long as there is some dimension of corporate responsibili ty which provides a benefit back to the communities in which businesses thrive. Hence, this ideology served as the foundation for modern capitalism in which businesses or private citizens are allowed to accumulate wealth and control factors of production and product distribution without maintaining concern for those that are

Charles Herreshoff :: Biography Biographical Essays

Charles Herreshoff After Agnes Muller died in the cold Prussian winter of 1766, her three-year-old son was alone in the world. It was said later, though there was no proof, that Agnes’s husband Corporal Eschoff went mad with grief – surely only that could have explained his subsequent abandonment both of his post as bodyguard to Frederick the Great and of his only child. In any case, he disappeared forever, leaving his former townsfolk with only the vague notion that he had "gone to Italy." The boy’s childhood has been lost to the past. An account written two centuries later by a descendant suggests that he lived with maiden aunts until the age of eight, when the women sent him to live with a professor in Potsdam. This, the account explains, is how the boy finally met Frederick the Great – the monarch consulted with the boy’s professor. Another, more sordid tale mentions the rumors that Frederick himself had fathered the child. Frederick, the story goes, was completely impotent and thus flattered by the suggestion. And so, this version continues, partly out of pride and partly as a joking revenge for the desertion of his bodyguard Corporal Eschoff, the emperor took the boy under his wing and sent him to a school for the children of nobles, equipped with the names of two kings and a surname that meant "lord of the manor": Karl Friederich Herreschoff. What is certain is that Karl Friederich left his native Prussia for the United States around 1786. This voyage across the Atlantic marked the beginning of a metamorphosis: that of Karl Friederich Herreschoff, uncertain but cultured young immigrant, into Charles Frederick Herreshoff, promising young merchant. Charles struggled for a decade in his adopted country, first starting his own firm and going bankrupt; eventually, he went to work for a mercantile firm where wealthy and successful John Brown was a senior partner. The young man’s pleasant demeanor and charm, as well as his talent for good conversation and elegant music, are mentioned in more than one account. He had no good family name and no money other than what the firm paid him – but he had personality, and he hoped that would be enough to catch the eye of Brown’s much-beloved younger daughter, Sarah. By 1798, Charles appears to have already made some kind of declaration to the young woman he affectionately called Sally.

Theories of Corporate Personality

Theories of Corporate Personality MANAS AGARWAL 5th Semester BA LL. B (B) School of Law Christ University Bangalore INDEX * Research Methodology * Introduction * The Common Law Perspectives * Fiction Theory * Concession Theory * The Purpose Theory * Bracket Theory * Realist Theory * Why Corporations? * Corporate Personality And Limited Liability Cases: * Macaura v. Northern Assurance Co. * Lee v. Lee’s Air Farming * Salomon v. Salomon & Co. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I Manas Agarwal of B. A. LL. B (Hons. ) is really grateful to Ms. Fincy V, without whose help and corporation this project would not have been possible.I am also grateful to the National Law School India University (N. L. S. I. U) Library staff and the Knowledge Centre, Christ University staff, whose cooperation is appreciable. I think this kind of assignments lead to the overall development of the students and I am looking forward to take up such assignments in future. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY †¢ SCOPE AND FOCUS: – This research paper essentially seeks to study and criticise the different theories of corporate personality considering the jurisprudential conflicts. †¢ RESEARCH OBJECTIVES: – The principal objective of our research is to study and criticise the different theories of corporate personality and the concepts under it. * Another objective of our research is to find conflicts between the various theories relying on various judgments. †¢ RESEARCH QUESTIONS: – * What is the difference between various theories of corporate personalities. * The meaning and limits of a corporate personality. †¢ METHOD OF ANALYSIS: – This project has its basis on the following methods of analysis:- DESCRIPTIVE: – The first task is to comprehensively study and critize the jurisprudential theories of corporate personalities.ANALYTICAL: – Further these concepts and observations can be analyzed. The valuable knowledge that is gained from studying the commentaries must be used to understand the evolution of the theories and the law itself in terms of some cases. †¢ MODE OF CITATION :- The researcher(s) has used a uniform mode of citation in this paper. Introduction There is an interesting conflict between philosophic theories as to the nature of corporate personality and the insurgent demand of economic forces for a further recognition of those form of organisation which seem so essential to modern life.The grant of legal personality is clearly within the gift of the state, for it may be refused to natural persons. In the case of natural person, however, it is clear that law grants legal personality to a physical entity existing in space and possessing what (for lack of better term) we describe as human personality. While philosophy may find difficulty in analyzing or describing the real nature of human personality, few of us doubt that we exist, and we compensate for our defective analysis by an intuitive understanding of our own natur e which, however inadequate it may be, at least gives a substratum on which to build.As far as legal personality is concerned, there is no very significant difference between that granted to human beings and that to non-human beings such as groups or other entity. The decision of House of Lords in Salomon v A Salomon & Co. Ltd had a lasting influence in corporation law. It is often credited with the principle of separate legal entity of the corporation distinct from the members. Though there is no doubt that the Salomon case had play a significant role in company law, the decision in this case was hardly the origin of the separate legal entity principle.The legal entity of beings other than the human has long been recognized prior to 1897, in which the Salomon case was decided. The jurisprudence theories on juristic person had been established since the early Roman law to justify the existence of legal person other than the human. The State, religious bodies and education institutio ns had long been recognized as having legal entity distinct from the members. The acceptance of the corporate personality of a company basically means that another non-human entity is recognized to assume a legal entity. This can be seen from the many theories of jurisprudence on corporate personality.Majority of the principal jurisprudence theories on corporate personality contended that the legal entity of the corporation is artificial. The fiction, concession, symbolist and purpose theories supported the contention that existence of corporation as a legal person is not real. It only exists because the law of the state recognized it as legal person and it is recognized either for certain purpose or objectives. The fiction theory, for example, clearly stated that the existence of corporation as a legal person is purely fiction and that the rights attached to it totally depend on how much the law imputes upon it by fiction.The Common Law Perspectives Generally, there are two types o f person which the law recognized, namely the natural and artificial person. The former is confined merely for human beings while the latter is generally referred to any being other than human being which the law recognized as having duties and rights . One of the most recognized artificial persons is the corporation. Legal scholars, particularly the jurists, have always explored the issue on the recognition of corporation as a legal person.In the study of jurisprudence, the separate legal personality of corporation is based upon theories, which are concentrated upon the philosophical explanation of the existence of personality in beings other than human individuals. W. Friedman stated that: â€Å"All law exists for the sake of liberty inherent in each individual; therefore the original concept of personality must coincide with the idea of man. † Even though there are many theories which attempted to explain the nature of corporate personality, none of them is said to be domi nant.It is claimed that while each theory contains elements of truth, none can by itself sufficiently interpret the phenomenon of juristic person. Nonetheless, there are five principal theories, which are used to explain corporate personality, namely, the fiction theory, realist theory, the purpose theory, the bracket theory and the concession theory. Fiction Theory The fiction theory holds that corporations are simply legal fictions, created and sustained by an act of the state. They are endowed with corporate personality simply because this is a convenient form through which the natural persons behind the corporation may conduct their business.According to this theory, the legal personality of entities other than human beings is the result of a fiction. Hence, not being a human being, corporation cannot be a real person and cannot have any personality on its own. Originally, the outward form that corporate bodies are fictitious personality was directed at ecclesiastic bodies. The doctrine was used to explain that the ecclesiastic colleges or universities could not be excommunicated or be guilty of a delict as they have neither a body nor a will. The famous case of Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd is a proof of the English court adoption of the fiction theory.In this case, Lord Halsbury stated that the important question to decide was whether in truth an artificial creation of the legislature had been validly constituted. It was held that as the company had fulfilled requirements of the Companies Act, the company becomes a person at law, independent and distinct from its members. Despite its instrumental conception of the corporation, the fiction theory still affords a sufficient basis for according corporations legal rights. Indeed, it is on the basis of the fiction that corporations are persons that they possess the legal rights they do, such as private property rights.However the fiction theory affords no basis for the recognition of moral rights of corporations . On the fiction view, â€Å"corporations, as creatures of the State, have only those rights granted them by the State. † The personality the corporation enjoys is not inherent in it but as conceded by the state. Due to the close connection made in this theory as regards to relation of legal personality and the power of the state, fiction theory was claimed to be similar to the theory of sovereignty of state which is also known as the concession theory. Concession TheoryA group of persons wanting to create a corporation will have to execute documents and comply with requirements set by the state before being given corporate personality; merely a privilege; state may provide causes for which the privilege may be withdrawn. It maintains that the law is the only source from which the legal personality may flow. The law lays down certain conditions which creates the legal personality of a corporation. Corporate form is therefore a concession given by the state. The concession the ory is basically linked with the philosophy of the sovereign national state.It is said to be essentially a product of the rise of the national state at a time when there were rivals between religious congregations and organizations of feudal origin for the claim of national state to complete sovereignty. Under the concession theory, the state is considered to be in the same level as the human being and as such, it can confer on or withdraw legal personality from other groups and associations within its jurisdictions as an attribute of its sovereignty. Hence, a juristic person is merely a concession or creation of the state.Concession theory is often regarded as the offspring of the fiction theory as it has similar claim that the corporations within the state have no legal personality except as it is conceded by the state. Exponents of the fiction theory, for example, Savigny, Dicey and Salmond are found to support this theory. Nonetheless, it is that while the fiction theory is ulti mately a philosophical theory that a corporation is merely a name and a thing of the intellect, the concession theory is indifferent as regards to the question of the reality of a corporation in that it focuses on the sources of which the legal power is derived.Dicey took the view that sovereignty is merely a legal conception which indicates the law-making power unrestricted by any legal limits. The Purpose Theory This theory is also known as the theory of Zweckvermogen. Similar to the fiction and concession theories, it declares that only human beings can be a person and have rights. Entities other human is regarded as an artificial person and merely function as a legal device for protecting or giving effect to some real purpose. As corporations are not human, they can merely be regarded as juristic or artificial person.Under this theory, juristic person is no person at all but merely as a â€Å"subject less† property destined for a particular purpose and that there is owner ship but no owner. The juristic person is not constructed round a group of person but based on the object and purpose. The property of the juristic person does not belong to anybody but it may be dedicated and legally bound by certain objects. This theory rationalized the existence of many charitable corporations or organizations, such as trade unions, which have been recognized as legal persons for certain purposes and have continuing fund.It is also closely linked with the legal system which regard the institution of public law and the endowment of private law as legal personalities. Bracket Theory According this theory, a company consisting of its members or shareholders exists and it is inconvenient to refer always to all of them, a bracket is placed around them to which a name is given but in order to understand the real position we must remove the bracket. The real status is given in realist theory. Realist Theory On the realist view, the corporation is more than a legal ficti on, and more than simply an agreement between its shareholders.It is an autonomous institution with a demonstrable extra-legal existence, analogous in some respects to a self-governing state. Like the contract theory, the realist theory recognises that the shareholders of a corporation delegate the powers of control over their property to the corporation's management so that the property can be pooled towards a unified purpose. Unlike under the contract theory, however, the shareholders are seen more as investors in the corporation than owners of it.This is why managers owe fiduciary duties not simply to the shareholders, but to the corporate person as a whole. Of the three theories, only the realist theory seems capable in principle of supporting moral rights for corporations, because only it grants them a real social existence apart from the concession of the state or the agreement of their shareholders. However it seems that the realist theory of corporate personality has fallen out of favour amongst modern academic writers. This may be because it seems to accurately describe only a limited subset of corporations.Many types of corporations which have assumed greater importance since the realist view gained prominence, including holding companies and trustee companies, sit uneasily within the realist framework. Nevertheless it is believed that the realist theory is potentially the most useful of the three set out above, so long as the subset of corporations to which it most accurately applies can be sufficiently delineated. By itself the theory seems incapable of providing any basis for such delineation. If the realist conception of the corporation is to be salvaged at all, its assumptions must be explicated by some other theory.Why Corporations? The above survey of the theories of corporate personality has revealed no complete conception of the corporation which justifies the recognition of moral rights of corporate persons. To some extent, this is hardly s urprising. Corporate personality is a legal concept based on purely commercial considerations: The concept of the juridical person is convenient to the conduct of business by providing for extended â€Å"life† and a limitation on liability, not to mention the right to own property and enter into contracts, which the law reserves to people.But laws might be fashioned to give corporations the same power to own property and sign valid contracts without terming them persons. There is therefore no reason why the types of bodies (if any) which deserve to be endowed with collective rights should coincide with those organisations allotted the status of persons by the law for purely instrumental reasons. For instance, corporations are classified as legal persons, but partnerships are not. Yet there is no obvious reason why the mere act of incorporation by a partnership should endow it with moral rights which it did not possess before.The intuition which many lawyers seem to possess th at corporations do possess rights can be explained as a psychological response to the â€Å"unified normative vocabulary† with which natural and corporate persons are described. That is, the personification of the corporation leads lawyers to indiscriminately apply concepts to it which are rightly applicable only to natural persons. However although this may be a convenient mode of analysis, it is clearly not conceptually consistent for rights to be accorded to bodies corporate (and to no other collectivities) purely because they bear that designation.Nevertheless, that is precisely what propose should be done. The rationale is that the present paper is not simply a normative, but also a descriptive study. It is apparent that corporate persons are already recognised as more appropriate bearers of rights than non-incorporated bodies under Australian law. It is for this reason that they have property and other common law rights which non-incorporated bodies lack. It is likely, therefore, that any extension of the rights recognised of collectivities under our law will employ this existing category.To extend the recognition of rights to non-incorporated bodies would require the recognition of a third type of personhood hitherto unknown to the law. However desirable this may be, it is not a realistic proposal for law reform. Corporate Personality And Limited Liability Corporate personality refers to the fact that as far as the law is concerned a company personality really exists apart and different from its owners. As a result of this, a company can sue and be sued in its own name, hold its own property and crucially – be liable for its own debts.It is this concept that enables limited liability for shareholders to occur as the debts belong to the legal entity of the company and not to the shareholders in that company. Corporate legal personality arose from the activities of organisations such as religious orders and local authorities which were grant ed rights by the government to hold property and sue and be sued in their own right and not to have to rely on the rights of the members behind the organisation. Over time the concept began to be applied to commercial ventures with a public interest element such as rail building ventures and colonial trading businesses.However, modern company law only began in the mid-nineteenth century when a series of Companies Acts were passed which allowed ordinary individuals to form registered companies with limited liability. The way in which corporate personality and limited liability link together is best expressed by examining the key cases:- Salomon v Salomon ; Co. Mr Salomon carried on a business as a leather merchant. In 1892 he formed the company Salomon ; Co. Ltd. Mr Salomon, his wife and five of his children held one share each in the company.The members of the family held the shares for Mr Salomon because the Companies Acts required at that time that there be seven shareholders. Mr Salomon was also the Managing Director of the company. The newly incorporated company purchased the soletrading leather business. The leather business was valued by MrSalomon at ? 39,000. This was not an attempt at a fair valuation; rather it represented Mr Salomon’s confidence in the continued success of the business. The price was paid in ? 0,000 worth of debentures (a debenture is a written acknowledgement of debt like a mortgage – see Chapter 7) giving a charge over all the company’s assets (this means the debt is secured over the company’s assets and Mr Salomon could, if he is not repaid his debt, take the company’s assets and sell them to get his money back), plus ? 20,000 in ? 1 shares and ? 9,000 cash. Mr Salomon also at this point paid off all the sole trading business creditors in full. Mr Salomon thus held 20,001 shares in the company, with his family holding the six remaining shares. He was also, because of the debenture, a secured cred itor.However, things did not go well for the leather business and within a year Mr Salomon had to sell his debenture to save the business. This did not have the desired effect and the company was placed in insolvent liquidation (i. e. it had too little money to pay its debts) and a liquidator was appointed (a court appointed official who sells off the remaining assets and distributes the proceeds to those who are owed money by the company, see Chapter 16). The liquidator alleged that the company was but a sham and a mere ‘alias’ or agent for Mr Salomon and that Mr Salomon was therefore personally liable for the debts of the company.The Court of Appeal agreed, finding that the shareholders had to be a bona fide association who intended to go into business and not just hold shares to comply with the Companies Acts. The House of Lords disagreed and found that- the fact that some of the shareholders are only holding shares as a technicality was irrelevant; the registration procedure could be used by an individual to carry on what was in effect aone-man business a company formed in compliance with the regulations of the Companies Acts is a separate person and not the agent or trustee of its controller.As a result, the debts of the company were its own and not those of the members. The members’ liability was limited to the amount prescribed in the Companies Act – i. e. the amount they invested. The decision also confirmed that the use of debentures instead of shares can further protect investors. Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. Mr Macaura owned an estate and some timber. He agreed to sell all the timber on the estate in return for the entire issued share capital of Irish Canadian Saw Mills Ltd.The timber, which amounted to almost the entire assets of the company, wasthen stored on the estate. On 6 February 1922 Mr Macaura insured the timber in his own name. Two weeks later a fire destroyed allthe timber on the estate. Mr Macaura tried to claim under theinsurance policy. The insurance company refused to pay outarguing that he had no insurable interest in the timber as the timber belonged to the company. Allegations of fraud were also made against Mr Macaura but never proven. Eventually in 1925 theissue arrived before the House of Lords who found that:The timber belonged to the company and not Mr Macaura Mr Macaura, even though he owned all the shares in the company, had no insurable interest in the property of the company just as corporate personality facilitates limited liability by having the debts belong to the corporation and not the members, it also means that the company’s assets belong to it and not to the shareholders. More modern examples of the Salomon principle and the Macaura problem can be seen in cases such as Barings Plc (In Liquidation) v Coopers ; Lybrand (No. 4) [2002] 2 BCLC 364.In that case a loss suffered by a parent company as a result of a loss at its subsidiary (a company in which it he ld all the shares) was not actionable by the parent – the subsidiary was the proper plaintiff. In essence you can’t have it both ways – limited liability has huge advantages for shareholders but it also means that the company is a separate legal entity with its own property, rights and obligations. Lee v Lee’s Air Farming Mr Lee incorporated a company, Lee’s Air Farming Limited, in August 1954 in which he owned all the shares. Mr Lee was also the sole ‘Governing Director’ for life.Thus, as with Mr Salomon, he was in essence a sole trader who now operated through a corporation. Mr Lee was also employed as chief pilot of the company. In March 1956, while Mr Lee was working, the company plane he was flying stalled and crashed. Mr Lee was killed in the crash leaving a widow and four infant children. The company as part of its statutory obligations had been paying an insurance policy to cover claims brought under the Workers’ Compens ation Act. The widow claimed she was entitled to compensation under the Act as the widow of a ‘worker’.The issue went first to the New Zealand Court of Appeal who found that he was not a ‘worker’ within the meaning of the Act and so no compensation was payable. The case was appealed to the Privy Council in London. They found that: the company and Mr Lee were distinct legal entities and therefore capable of entering into legal relations with one another as such they had entered into a contractual relationship for him to be employed as the chief pilot of the company he could in his role of Governing Director give himself order as chief pilot.It was therefore a master and servant relationship and as such he fitted the definition of ‘worker’ under the Act. The widow was therefore entitled to compensation. Separate legal personality and limited liability are not the same thing. Limited liability is the logical consequence of the existence of a separ ate personality. The legal existence of a company (corporation) means it can be responsible for its own debts. The shareholders will lose their initial investment in the company but they will not be responsible for the debts of the company.Just as humans can have restrictions imposed on their legal personality (as in the case of children) a company can have legal personality without limited liability if that is how it is conferred by the statute. CONCLUSION person is not artificial or fictitious but real and natural. The realist also contended that the From the discussion on jurisprudence theories of corporate personality by G. W Paton, it is observed that main arguments lie between the fiction and realist theories.The fiction theory claimed that the entity of corporation as a legal person is merely fictitious and only exist with the intendment of the law. On the other hand, from the realist point of view, the entity of the corporation as a legal law merely has the power to recogniz e a legal entity or refuse to recognize it but the law has no power to create an entity. Referring to the English company law case law, it can be seen that in most cases, the court adopted the fiction theory. Salomon v A Salomon Co Ltd is the most obvious example.It is also observed that fiction theory provide the most acceptable reasoning in justifying the circumstances whereby court lifted the corporate veil of corporation. If the entity of the corporation is real, then the court would not have the right to decide the circumstances where there is separate legal entity of the corporation should be set aside. No human being has the right to decide circumstances whereby the entity of another human being should be set aside. Only law has such privilege.Nonetheless, the realist contention that the corporation obtain its entity as a legal person not because the law granted it to them but because it is generated through its day to day transaction which are later accepted and recognized b y law also seem acceptable. Bibliography * A Text Book of Jurisprudence, 2nd Ed, by G. W. Paton * Corporate personality in the 20th century edited by Ross Grantham * Manupatra. com * Legalservicesindia. com * Westlaw. com ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Cf. A. Kocourek, Jural Relations (2nd ed. ), 57. [ 2 ]. Stokes, M. â€Å"Company Law and Legal Theory† in Twining, W. ed). Legal Theory and the Common Law. Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1986, 155, 162. [ 3 ]. Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 [ 4 ]. First National Bank v Bellotti (1978) 435 US 765 [ 5 ]. Mark, G. Op. cit. 1472. [ 6 ]. cf. Mills v Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150 [ 7 ]. Woytash, J. â€Å"We Must Stop Viewing Corporations as People† (1978) 64 ABAJ 814 [ 8 ]. Dan-Cohen, M. Rights, Persons, and Organizations. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986, 5. [ 9 ]. Salomon v Salomon & Co. [1897] AC 22 [ 10 ]. Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. [1925] AC 619 [ 11 ]. Lee v Lee’s Air Farming [1961] AC 12